IDENTICAL TWINS

Identical twins are also called Monozygotic twins, ie twins come from one egg. Have the same genes, same sex and similar advances.

The process of identical twinning is due at the time of fertilization of a mature egg cell by a

sperm fertilization helps zygote, then this zygote will divide.

If cleavage occurs when the zygote is the beginning of fertilization (1-3 days after fertilization), each embryo will usually have different amniotic sack, and one placenta.

But when the division occurred after 14 days then the twins will probably happen join / stick together on the part of the body or cleavage is not perfect so-called Siamese twins higher. So the twins conjoined twins occur in monozygot. With ultrasound (utrasonografi) physicians will be able to assess the state of the fetus, gender, and position defects.

SHELL PRODUCER PEARL

In principle, the chance of shelled mollusks produce pearls naturally. However, not all oysters can produce pearls are nice and have bought a decent value. Pearl mussel producers generally come from families Pteriidae, but are commonly known only certain types such as gold or silver-lip pearl oyster Pinctada maxima, the black-lip pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera, Akoya pearl oysters Pinctada fucata and the winged-pearl oyster Pteria penguins.

All members of this family live in the sea. While other mollusks that produce pearls known so far from the group of abalone and a few other gastropods as well as several types of freshwater bivalve shellfish. Each type of pearl oysters produce pearls with different specifications. Pinctada maxima produces relatively larger pearls of all types of shellfish-producing pearls, silver, gold and cream.

This species is much cultivated in Indonesia, Burma, Thailand and Australia. While the shells of Pinctada margaritifera is the belle of the south pacific countries. The resulting pearl color varies from beige to black. The black color is the color of pearls customer demand world today. Thus they were very expensive. The diameter of the pearls produced are generally smaller than that produced by Pinctada maxima.

While Pinctada fucata is the kind that many cultivated in Japan, and Pteria penguin is not much cultivated because so far the results in certain circles, destined only to remember the form of pearls they produce are generally not circular

OCEANOGRAPHY

Oceanography consists of two words: oceanos which means sea and graphos which means the picture or description (in Greek). In simple terms we can interpret as a picture or a description of the oceanography of the sea. In another language more complete, oceanography can be defined as the study and exploration of the sea and all the scientific phenomenon. Sea itself is part of the hydrosphere. As we all know that the earth consists of solid part, called the lithosphere, the hydrosphere and the liquid is called the gas called the atmosphere. Meanwhile, the ecological system associated with all living inhabitants of planet Earth into the biosphere grouped.

In general, oceanography can be grouped into 4 (four) main disciplines, namely: geological oceanography who study the ocean floor or the lithosphere beneath the sea, physical oceanography that studies physical problems such as ocean currents, waves, tides and sea water temperature, chemical oceanography are studying the problems of sea water chemistry and the latest biological oceanography that studies issues relating to the flora and fauna in the sea.

Comprehensive study about the first time with the sea started doing the Challenger expedition (1872-1876) led by a naturalist named CW Thomson (Scottish) and John Murray (Canadian nationals). Oceanography own term used by those in a report edited by Murray. Murray went on to become leaders in the study of marine sediments. Success of the Challenger expedition, and the importance of marine science in the shipping / marine transportation, fishery, marine cables, and the study of climate eventually led many countries to conduct subsequent expeditions. The first international oceanographic organization is The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (1901).

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY HISTORY

Alexander Muirhead is reported to have attached wires to a feverish patient's wrist to obtain a record of the patient's heartbeat while studying for his Doctor of Science (in electricity) in 1872 at St Bartholomew's Hospital. This activity was directly recorded and visualized using a Lippmann capillary electrometer by the British physiologist John Burdon Sanderson.

The first to systematically approach the heart from an electrical point-of-view was Augustus Waller, working in St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London. His electrocardiograph machine consisted of a Lippmann capillary electrometer fixed to a projector. The trace from the heartbeat was projected onto a photographic plate which was itself fixed to a toy train. This allowed a heartbeat to be recorded in real time. In 1911 he still saw little clinical application for his work.

An initial breakthrough came when Willem Einthoven, working in Leiden, Netherlands, used the string galvanometer that he invented in 1903. This device was much more sensitive than both the capillary electrometer that Waller used and the string galvanometer that had been invented separately in 1897 by the French engineer Clément Ader.Rather than using today's self-adhesive electrodes Einthoven's subjects would immerse each of their limbs into containers of salt solutions from which the ECG was recorded.

Einthoven assigned the letters P, Q, R, S and T to the various deflections, and described the electrocardiographic features of a number of cardiovascular disorders. In 1924, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery.

Though the basic principles of that era are still in use today, there have been many advances in electrocardiography over the years. The instrumentation, for example, has evolved from a cumbersome laboratory apparatus to compact electronic systems that often include computerized interpretation of the electrocardiogram.

INSOMNIA

Insomnia is a sleep disorder symptoms such as difficulty sleeping or repeatedly to maintain sleep even though there is a chance for that. The symptoms are usually followed by functional impairment while awake.

Insomnia is often caused by a disease or a result of psychological problems. In this case, medical or psychological assistance will be required. One of psychological therapy is effective insomnia cognitive therapy .In handle these therapies, a patient is taught to improve sleep habits and eliminate counter-productive assumptions about sleep.

Many people with insomnia depending on sleeping pills and other sedative substances to be rested. All of sedative drugs have the potential to cause psychological dependence in the form of assuming that they can not sleep without the drug.

COLOSSEUM

Colosseum is a historical relic in the form of a large theater / Amphitheatre which is one of the "Seven Wonders of the Medieval World." Located in the State Capital of Italy, Rome, called the original "Flavian Amphitheatre", founded by King Vespasian and completed by his son Titus.

About the year of manufacture is still no difference conviction. Some argue that the Colosseum was built in 79 BC, there is also a notion that was made between the years 70-82 AD. But, most archaeologists believe that the Colosseum was built in 70-82 AD Origin of the name Colosseum was derived from a sculpture as tall as 130 feet or 40 m, named Colossus. Colosseum is set to accommodate 50,000 spectators.

GREAT SPHINX OF GIZA

Great Sphinx of Giza is a large sphinx statue shaped half-human, half lion found in Egypt, at Giza Plain, the west bank of the Nile, near Cairo now. This is one of the few in the world's largest sculpture made of one piece of stone, and is believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians in the third millennium BC. The name used for the people of Ancient Egypt to refer to this statue is not known. The name 'sphinx' which is used is taken from a Greek mythology creature with the body of a lion, a woman's head and wings of an eagle, though Egyptian sphinxes have the head man.

The word "sphinx" comes from the Greek (Σφιγξ - Sphinx, from the verb σφιγγω - sphingo) which means to strangle, because the sphinx from Greek mythology to strangle people who can not answer the riddle. For some people, it is believed that this name represents a change in words from the ancient Egyptian language Shesep-Ankh, a name given to the royal statues in the Fourth Dynasty. In medieval writings, and bilhaw balhib name that points to the Sphinx is used, including by Egyptian historian Maqrizi, who suggested the preparation of the Coptic language, but the term Arab-Egypt Abul-Hol, which translates as "Father of Terror," more widely used. although the means "Father of Terror", the sphinx is one of the modern culture of his day, and is a popular tourist area.