MARIE CURIE BIOGRAPHY

Marie Sklodowska Curie was a woman scientist who was born in Warsaw, Poland on November 7, 1867. He was born in a family of teachers. Her father is a physics teacher. Meanwhile, her mother was a school principal. Marie is the youngest of five children.

She is very intelligent and has a strong memory. Thus, at the age of 15 years, she graduated from High School with highest honors. However, he could not continue their education to university because in Poland at that time she studied at the University is prohibited. In addition, he also did not have enough money because his family is poor. Therefore, at the age of 17 years he became a tutor to earn money.

Then, after collecting enough money she moved to Paris and enrolled at the Sorbonne. There, his name was eventually changed to Marie and she met in 1894. A year later they were married and since then his name to Marie Sklodowska Curie.

Two years later, Marie's interest in the study of light was discovered by Henry Becquerel in 1896. Rays are similar to X-rays on uranium. After studying the ray finally in 1898 he discovered thorium, polonium, radium, and coined the term radioactivity. Then, in 1903 he along with Henry Becquerel and Pierre Curie received the Nobel chemistry prize for discovering polonium, radium, and isolating radium which later developed into the manufacture of nuclear materials.

Because of this discovery Marie became so famous in the world. However, because of his discovery he was also attacked by blood cancer. We investigate and separate the radium was too much exposed to radioactive rays. As a result, he suffered from blood cancer and died on July 4, 1934 in Savoy, France at the age of 67 years.

Even so, she still remembered as the first woman in the world to be a professor at the Sorbonne, physicists, chemists and scientists as well as the woman who was so instrumental in finding the manufacture of nuclear materials. In addition, he also was the first person in the world that managed to get the Nobel prize twice. The first Nobel Prize for Physics and the second for Chemistry.

A year after the death of one of Marie's daughter named Irene also received the Nobel chemistry prize with her husband, Frederic Joliot, because it managed to make a new element that is radioactive. Meanwhile, another daughter named Eve became famous for being the author of biographies of Marie.

ALBERT EINSTEIN'S BIOGRAPHY

Albert Einstein (14 March 1879-18 April 1955) is a theoretical physicist widely regarded as the greatest scientist in the 20th century. He put forward the theory of relativity and also greatly contributed to the development of quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and cosmology. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect and "for his services to Theoretical Physics". Having formulated the theory of general relativity, Einstein became famous throughout the world, an unusual achievement for a scientist.
In his old age, fame beyond all scientists in history, and in popular culture, says Einstein is considered synonymous with intelligence or even genius. His face is one of the most recognized worldwide. In 1999, Einstein called "The Century" by Time magazine. Popularity also makes the name "Einstein" is widely used in advertisements and other merchandise, and finally "Albert Einstein" is registered as a trademark. To appreciate them, a unit in the photochemistry named Einstein, a chemical element named after einsteinium, and a named asteroid 2001 Einstein.

BICYCLE HISTORY

Bicycle ancestors came from France in1790 (about 18th century), namely, two-wheeled transportation called velocipede known in that country.The construction still very simple, because not using the iron, the material is still wood, and not use the wheel.

Baron von Drais Karls Sauerbronn a student of mathematics and mechanics in Heidelberg, Germany managed to make a important breakthrough .By Von Drais be modified to have a steering mechanism on the front wheels. By taking the energy of motion of both legs, Von Drais able to glide faster time around the garden. He himself calls this vehicle with the name, Draisienne. The story itself was published in local newspapers of Germany in 1817.

Modern bicycle was initiated in 1839, by a citizen named Kirkpatrick MacMillan of Scotland. While perfecting bicycle do by Ernest Michaux, the French in 1855, by making crank weights. Perfection of the modern bicycle is further reinforced again by a French citizen who was also named Pierre Lalle ment in 1865, where he strengthened the wheel by using a ring of steel around it (a rim or wheel). Lellement also introducing a bike with the front wheel bigger than the rear wheels.

But no less important discoveries made John Boyd Dunlop in 1888. Dunlop motorcycle tires managed to find technology that can be filled with air (pneumatic tire). From here, the beginning of the rapid progress of the bike. Various forms of bicycles successfully created.

WI-FI (WIRELESS FIDELITY)

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a wireless networking technology that uses radio waves to provide network connectivity and Internet high speed level.Wi -Fi Alliance, an organization that has Wi-Fi trademark term, specifically defines Wi-Fi as part of the product WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) based on the standards of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11. Wi-Fi is easy it also means the IEEE 802.11x.

Initially, Wi-Fi is used only in the 2.4GHz 802.11b standard, but Wi-Fi Alliance has expanded its use of the term Wi-Fi to any type of network or WLAN products based on 802.11 standards, including 802.11b, 802.11a. dual-band, and others.

Wi-Fi to work without using a physical connection between sender and receiver cables, but with the technology of Radio Frequency (RF), a frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio waves. When RF is supplied to an antenna, the electromagnetic, will be made and entered into a corner of a wireless network called an Access Point (AP). The main task is to spread AP (broadcast) wireless signal is detected on the computer and 'entry' into it. To connect to the AP and join the wireless network, computers and devices must be equipped with wireless network adapters.

Wi-Fi is available at: video game consoles, home networks, PDAs, mobile phones, operating systems, and other types of electronic products. Product that has been tested using a Wi-Fi will be labeled Wi-Fi Certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance.

GOOGLE CHROME FOR WINDOWS,MAC,AND LINUX

The world's largest search engine, which is headquartered in the U.S.A , Google, has launched the latest version of the browser, Google Chrome for Windows, Mac and Linux.Brian Rakowski, Google Chrome Product Manager explains "Since the end of December last, we have to test and build new features for Mac and Linux can work with Chrome like any version of Windows. And finally today we announced that for the Mac and Linux versions are available. ". Google itself says that the new version was launched it was included in the fastest version. "We've developed a Javascript performance between 213% and 305% with V8 and SunSpider benchmark since our first beta version of Chrome on the Cretaceous period in September 2008 who then" added Rakowski.

In addition to speed so fast, other features created by this new Chrome, among others, the ability to perform the sync browser (bookmarks, themes, settings and startup homepage, web content settings, preferred languages and the page zoom setting) at different types of computers, the ability to read HTML5 (Geolocation API, App Cache, Web sockets and files drag-and-drop), and the most recent bookmarks manager. According to Rakowski HTML5 features the ability to try, try browsing to a website that you built using platforms such as scribd.com HTML5, then try performance drag-and-drop in Gmail or enable Geolocation feature on Google Map. Google also plans to open the Chrome Web Store that will provide a gallery of web applications that not only work for Chrome.

Come immediately download and use the latest version of Google Chrome this!

THEORY EVOLUTION FROM CHARLES DARWIN

Evolutionary theory was pioneered by a zoologist named Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882). The theory that says: A body (material) experienced a change from an imperfect toward perfection. Then he expanded his theory was to come to the origin of man. According to human beings today is the most perfect result of these developments on a regular basis by the laws of mechanics as well as plants and animals. Then was born a teaching / understanding that human beings have now is a result of evolution of great apes (human apes to walk upright) for years and have reached the most perfect.Theory form of Darwin in his book entitled "The Origin of Species" huge success because it can be said to discuss issues pertaining to human origins.

Inside Darwin's theory argued that human beings originated from the development of a simple kind of apes evolved into ape animal high level until it becomes human. The oldest living creature with human-like form is Australopithecus, which estimated his age between 350000-1000000 year with a brain size of about 450-1450 cm3. Development with changes in brain volume was greater the effect on human intelligence. Australopithecus who have an average brain volume of 450 cm3 apes evolved into humans (Neanderthals) who has a brain volume of 1450 cm3. From this study are expected in the time between 400000-500000 years that brain volume increased in 1000 cm3.

SPIRAL GALAXY

The galaxy is a gathering place of stars in the universe. Almost did not find any star that wanders alone in the space between galaxies. And Sun are among 200 billion stars in our Milky Way galaxy (abbreviated with Galactic). Assuming that the average mass of stars in the galaxy is the Sun's mass, the mass of the galaxy can reach 2 x 10 ^ 11 solar masses (the mass of the Sun is 2 x 10 ^ 30 kg).

Milky Way galaxy shapes such as two concave plates are cupped, thick middle part and increasingly flattened towards the edge, and there are spiral arms in it. Therefore, our galaxy is classified into a spiral galaxy. Based on the Hubble galaxy classification, including the Milky Way galaxy SBbc class. This means that our galaxy is a spiral galaxy that has a "bar" or the crossbar in the center, with the brilliance of the central section is relatively similar to the disc, and has a spiral arm structure is somewhat tenuous at the rotation.

Spiral galaxies are composed of three main parts, namely the bulge, halo, and disc. All three have the shape, size, and objects of different authors. In fact, the bulge and disc to be determinant in the classification made by the Hubble galaxy (diagram of a tuning fork). Regions in parts of the galaxy bulge is the most high-density star. stellar halo are stars that are in the halo. But few individual stars found in this section. The more dominant is the group of old stars that the number of member stars reach the millions of pieces, called globular clusters .On the disc there are young stars and interstellar gas and dust located in the spiral arms.

ALEXANDER FLEMING (DISCOVERER OF PENICILLIN)

Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 - 11 March 1955) was the man known as the discoverer of penicillin (an antibiotic to fight bacteria). Born on a farm near Darvel Lochfield, Scotland. He was the third of four brothers and half-brother has four people again.

Fleming went to Loudoun Moor School and Darvel School, and then for two years he attended Kilmarnock Academy. After working in an office delivery service for four years, 20-year-old Fleming was partly inherited from his uncle's property.

Fleming's brother, who was then a doctor suggested that his younger brother following in the footsteps of his career, so that Alexander Fleming in 1901 and then enrolled at the Hospital of St. Mary's, London. He then obtain a special qualification for school in the year 1906 with an option to be a surgeon. Alexander Fleming himself famous because she is an expert researcher who is very clever, but the lab itself is often clumsy and look messy.

In 1928, after coming home from a long holiday, Fleming will afterthought in the disc of bacteria in the laboratory forgot to save it nicely, and has been contaminated with a type of mushroom. Some laboratory dish containing the bacteria in the waste, but then Fleming noticed that the growth of bacteria in the contaminated by the fungus becomes obstructed. Fleming then took samples of examples of these fungi and examine it, he discovered that the fungus is from the genus Penicillium. This is why the drug called penicillin.

Fleming's discovery in September 1928 marked a new century in the world of modern antibiotics. Fleming also found that the bacteria themselves can develop resistance and resistance to penicillin when penicillin is used as an antibiotic is too little and used in the short term.

IDENTICAL TWINS

Identical twins are also called Monozygotic twins, ie twins come from one egg. Have the same genes, same sex and similar advances.

The process of identical twinning is due at the time of fertilization of a mature egg cell by a

sperm fertilization helps zygote, then this zygote will divide.

If cleavage occurs when the zygote is the beginning of fertilization (1-3 days after fertilization), each embryo will usually have different amniotic sack, and one placenta.

But when the division occurred after 14 days then the twins will probably happen join / stick together on the part of the body or cleavage is not perfect so-called Siamese twins higher. So the twins conjoined twins occur in monozygot. With ultrasound (utrasonografi) physicians will be able to assess the state of the fetus, gender, and position defects.

SHELL PRODUCER PEARL

In principle, the chance of shelled mollusks produce pearls naturally. However, not all oysters can produce pearls are nice and have bought a decent value. Pearl mussel producers generally come from families Pteriidae, but are commonly known only certain types such as gold or silver-lip pearl oyster Pinctada maxima, the black-lip pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera, Akoya pearl oysters Pinctada fucata and the winged-pearl oyster Pteria penguins.

All members of this family live in the sea. While other mollusks that produce pearls known so far from the group of abalone and a few other gastropods as well as several types of freshwater bivalve shellfish. Each type of pearl oysters produce pearls with different specifications. Pinctada maxima produces relatively larger pearls of all types of shellfish-producing pearls, silver, gold and cream.

This species is much cultivated in Indonesia, Burma, Thailand and Australia. While the shells of Pinctada margaritifera is the belle of the south pacific countries. The resulting pearl color varies from beige to black. The black color is the color of pearls customer demand world today. Thus they were very expensive. The diameter of the pearls produced are generally smaller than that produced by Pinctada maxima.

While Pinctada fucata is the kind that many cultivated in Japan, and Pteria penguin is not much cultivated because so far the results in certain circles, destined only to remember the form of pearls they produce are generally not circular

OCEANOGRAPHY

Oceanography consists of two words: oceanos which means sea and graphos which means the picture or description (in Greek). In simple terms we can interpret as a picture or a description of the oceanography of the sea. In another language more complete, oceanography can be defined as the study and exploration of the sea and all the scientific phenomenon. Sea itself is part of the hydrosphere. As we all know that the earth consists of solid part, called the lithosphere, the hydrosphere and the liquid is called the gas called the atmosphere. Meanwhile, the ecological system associated with all living inhabitants of planet Earth into the biosphere grouped.

In general, oceanography can be grouped into 4 (four) main disciplines, namely: geological oceanography who study the ocean floor or the lithosphere beneath the sea, physical oceanography that studies physical problems such as ocean currents, waves, tides and sea water temperature, chemical oceanography are studying the problems of sea water chemistry and the latest biological oceanography that studies issues relating to the flora and fauna in the sea.

Comprehensive study about the first time with the sea started doing the Challenger expedition (1872-1876) led by a naturalist named CW Thomson (Scottish) and John Murray (Canadian nationals). Oceanography own term used by those in a report edited by Murray. Murray went on to become leaders in the study of marine sediments. Success of the Challenger expedition, and the importance of marine science in the shipping / marine transportation, fishery, marine cables, and the study of climate eventually led many countries to conduct subsequent expeditions. The first international oceanographic organization is The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (1901).

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY HISTORY

Alexander Muirhead is reported to have attached wires to a feverish patient's wrist to obtain a record of the patient's heartbeat while studying for his Doctor of Science (in electricity) in 1872 at St Bartholomew's Hospital. This activity was directly recorded and visualized using a Lippmann capillary electrometer by the British physiologist John Burdon Sanderson.

The first to systematically approach the heart from an electrical point-of-view was Augustus Waller, working in St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London. His electrocardiograph machine consisted of a Lippmann capillary electrometer fixed to a projector. The trace from the heartbeat was projected onto a photographic plate which was itself fixed to a toy train. This allowed a heartbeat to be recorded in real time. In 1911 he still saw little clinical application for his work.

An initial breakthrough came when Willem Einthoven, working in Leiden, Netherlands, used the string galvanometer that he invented in 1903. This device was much more sensitive than both the capillary electrometer that Waller used and the string galvanometer that had been invented separately in 1897 by the French engineer Clément Ader.Rather than using today's self-adhesive electrodes Einthoven's subjects would immerse each of their limbs into containers of salt solutions from which the ECG was recorded.

Einthoven assigned the letters P, Q, R, S and T to the various deflections, and described the electrocardiographic features of a number of cardiovascular disorders. In 1924, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery.

Though the basic principles of that era are still in use today, there have been many advances in electrocardiography over the years. The instrumentation, for example, has evolved from a cumbersome laboratory apparatus to compact electronic systems that often include computerized interpretation of the electrocardiogram.

INSOMNIA

Insomnia is a sleep disorder symptoms such as difficulty sleeping or repeatedly to maintain sleep even though there is a chance for that. The symptoms are usually followed by functional impairment while awake.

Insomnia is often caused by a disease or a result of psychological problems. In this case, medical or psychological assistance will be required. One of psychological therapy is effective insomnia cognitive therapy .In handle these therapies, a patient is taught to improve sleep habits and eliminate counter-productive assumptions about sleep.

Many people with insomnia depending on sleeping pills and other sedative substances to be rested. All of sedative drugs have the potential to cause psychological dependence in the form of assuming that they can not sleep without the drug.

COLOSSEUM

Colosseum is a historical relic in the form of a large theater / Amphitheatre which is one of the "Seven Wonders of the Medieval World." Located in the State Capital of Italy, Rome, called the original "Flavian Amphitheatre", founded by King Vespasian and completed by his son Titus.

About the year of manufacture is still no difference conviction. Some argue that the Colosseum was built in 79 BC, there is also a notion that was made between the years 70-82 AD. But, most archaeologists believe that the Colosseum was built in 70-82 AD Origin of the name Colosseum was derived from a sculpture as tall as 130 feet or 40 m, named Colossus. Colosseum is set to accommodate 50,000 spectators.

GREAT SPHINX OF GIZA

Great Sphinx of Giza is a large sphinx statue shaped half-human, half lion found in Egypt, at Giza Plain, the west bank of the Nile, near Cairo now. This is one of the few in the world's largest sculpture made of one piece of stone, and is believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians in the third millennium BC. The name used for the people of Ancient Egypt to refer to this statue is not known. The name 'sphinx' which is used is taken from a Greek mythology creature with the body of a lion, a woman's head and wings of an eagle, though Egyptian sphinxes have the head man.

The word "sphinx" comes from the Greek (Σφιγξ - Sphinx, from the verb σφιγγω - sphingo) which means to strangle, because the sphinx from Greek mythology to strangle people who can not answer the riddle. For some people, it is believed that this name represents a change in words from the ancient Egyptian language Shesep-Ankh, a name given to the royal statues in the Fourth Dynasty. In medieval writings, and bilhaw balhib name that points to the Sphinx is used, including by Egyptian historian Maqrizi, who suggested the preparation of the Coptic language, but the term Arab-Egypt Abul-Hol, which translates as "Father of Terror," more widely used. although the means "Father of Terror", the sphinx is one of the modern culture of his day, and is a popular tourist area.

THE EGYPTIAN PYRAMID

The pyramids of Egypt fascinated travellers and conquerors in ancient times and continue to inspire wonder in the tourists, mathematicians, and archeologists who visit, explore, measure and describe them.

Tombs of early Egyptian kings were bench-shaped mounds called mastabas . Around 2780 BC, King Djoser's architect, Imhotep, built the first pyramid by placing six mastabas, each smaller than the one beneath, in a stack to form a pyramid rising in steps. This Step Pyramid stands on the west bank of the Nile River at Sakkara near Memphis. Like later pyramids, it contains various rooms and passages, including the burial chamber of the king. The transition from the Step Pyramid to a true, smooth-sided pyramid took placed during the reign of King Snefru, founder of the Fourth Dynasty (2680-2560 BC). At Medum, a step pyramid was built, then filled in with stone, and covered with a limestone casing. Nearby at Bahshur, construction was begun on a pyramid apparently planned to have smooth sides. About halfway up, however, the angle of incline decreases from over 51 degrees to about 43 degrees, and the sides rise less steeply, causing it to be known as the Bent Pyramid. The change in angle was probably made during construction to give the building more stability. Another great pyramid was built at Dahshur with its sides rising at an angle of somewhat over 43 degrees, resulting in a true, but squat looking pyramid.

The largest and most famous of all the pyramids, the Great Pyramid at Giza, was built by Snefru's son, Khufu, known also as Cheops, the later Greek form of his name. The pyramid's base covered over 13 acres and its sides rose at an angle of 51 degrees 52 minutes and were over 755 feet long. It originally stood over 481 feet high; today it is 450 feet high. Scientists estimate that its stone blocks average over two tons apiece, with the largest weighing as much as fifteen tons each. Two other major pyramids were built at Giza, for Khufu's son, King Khafre (Chephren), and a successor of Khafre, Menkaure (Mycerinus). Also located at Giza is the famous Sphinx, a massive statue of a lion with a human head, carved during the time of Khafre.

Pyramids did not stand alone but were part of a group of buildings which included temples, chapels, other tombs, and massive walls. Remnants of funerary boats have also been excavated; the best preserved is at Giza. On the walls of Fifth and Sixth Dynasty pyramids are inscriptions known as the Pyramid Texts, an important source of information about Egyptian religion. The scarcity of ancient records, however, makes it difficult to be sure of the uses of all the buildings in the pyramid complex or the exact burial procedures. It is thought that the king's body was brought by boat up the Nile to the pyramid site and probably mummified in the Valley Temple before being placed in the pyramid for burial. There has been speculation about pyramid construction. Egyptians had copper tools such as chisels, drills, and saws that may have been used to cut the relatively soft stone. The hard granite, used for burial chamber walls and some of the exterior casing, would have posed a more difficult problem. Workmen may have used an abrasive powder, such as sand, with the drills and saws. Knowledge of astronomy was necessary to orient the pyramids to the cardinal points, and water-filled trenches probably were used to level the perimeter. A tomb painting of a colossal statue being moved shows how huge stone blocks were moved on sledges over ground first made slippery by liquid. The blocks were then brought up ramps to their positions in the pyramid. Finally, the outer layer of casing stones was finished from the top down and the ramps dismantled as the work was completed.

Most of the stone for the Giza pyramids was quarried on the Giza plateau itself. Some of the limestone casing was brought from Tura, across the Nile, and a few of the rooms were cased with granite from Aswan. Marks of the quarry workers are found on several of the stone blocks giving names of the work gangs such as "craftman-gang". Part-time crews of laborers probably supplemented the year-round masons and other skilled workers. The Greek historian Heroditus reported in the fifth century BC that his Egyptian guides told him 100,000 men were employed for three months a year for twenty years to build the Great Pyramid; modern estimates of the number of laborers tend to be much smaller.

Pyramid building was at its height from the Fourth through the Sixth Dynasties. Smaller pyramids continued to be built for more than one thousand years. Scores of them have been discovered, but the remains of others are probably still buried under the sand. As it became clear that the pyramids did not provide protection for the mummified bodies of the kings but were obvious targets for grave robbers, later kings were buried in hidden tombs cut into rock cliffs. Although the magnificent pyramids did not protect the bodies of the Egyptian kings who built them, the pyramids have served to keep the names and stories of those kings alive to this day.

BLUETOOTH

Wireless networking standard, which was launched in essence is to use short range radio link or a short-range radio link to exchange information, so that the relationship between the mob, mobile PCs, PDAs, and more can be done without a cable or wireless interference.

The purpose of this launch include bluetooth is to change the specification of the IrDA InfraRed on hp and other mobile devices.Bluetooth provides a 720 Kbps data transfer within the range of 40 feet. Bluetooth uses radio waves are omni directional and can pass through walls. This is different from that IrDa technology and the need to look each other in order to make contact.

Ericsson to give their contribution to radio technology, Toshiba and IBM to develop a specification for integrating Bluetooth technology) (mobile.Intel equipment into their expertise in chip and software, while Motorola contributed their expertise in radio technology and mobile handset software.

Many other companies are also invited to support the core technology that this technology is expected to be used in many devices. This radio will operate at 2:45 GHz ISM free band) (Industrial Scientific Medical), which allows international users with equipment that is equipped with Bluetooth can use their equipment anywhere throughout world.

The name Bluetooth comes from King Harald Bluetooth of the Danes. Ericsson (a Scandinavian company) is the first company to develop this specification.

OZONE IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Ozone is a strong oxidant substances, toxic substances and micro-organism killer which is also strong. Ozone is commonly used to sterilize water refill, and can also be used to remove color and unpleasant smell in the water.

Ozone is formed naturally in the stratosphere. The formation and destruction of ozone in the stratosphere is protective mechanism of the earth from UV rays from the sun. In tropospheric ozone is formed through photochemical reactions in the various air pollutant substances. Ozone layer is found in the stratosphere and also in the troposphere layer. Ozone is found in the stratosphere protects humans working and living on the earth from UV radiation light. While ozone is present in tropospheric layer has a different effect on the earth and the creatures living in it, even though the same chemical composition. This tropospheric ozone is toxic and is one of the greenhouse gases. In addition, tropospheric ozone also cause damage to the plants, paint, plastics and human health.

Ozone O3 has chemical formula, chemical formula resembles O2 oxygen molecule with an oxygen atom more. At room temperature the form of ozone gas, condensing at a temperature of -112 oC to liquid blue. This liquid ozone will be frozen at -251.4 oC, while at temperatures above 100 oC ozone decompose quickly.

From molekol O2, by the reaction. Ozone is formed will be back breaks into oxygen molecules. In nature, formation and destruction of ozone is in a state of balance, so that ozone levels are in dynamic balance. Both these reactions can effectively block UV rays and extreme UV-C and most UV-B rays to reach the earth. This is the natural mechanism that protects the earth and its inhabitants from the short-wave UV radiation harmful to life. Both these reactions also lead to rising temperatures in the stratosphere than the temperature in the troposphere. Approximately 3 billion years ago, as a result of evolution on earth emerged berklorofil living thing, begin the process of photosynthesis that occurs one result is O2. the longer, higher levels of O2, thus increasing levels of ozone that is formed. Thus, the more UV rays short gelombnag blocked by the ozone layer to reach the surface of the earth. And this is the forerunner of life on land.

However, over time, the number of population and industrial progress and development resulted in the ozone layer is starting hole. Ozone hole is very worrying because the reduction in ozone means kada increased UV-B rays that will reach the earth. The impact of increased UV-B rays can be very big on living things on earth.

Occurrence of the ozone hole was the result of increased levels of NOx from aircraft fuel burning, increased levels of N2O as a result of biomass burning and fertilizer oenggunaan, which is a source of N2O formation of NO.

In addition, the chemicals that we know clorofuorocarbon or CFCs had an enormous impact on ozone destruction. CFCs are a class of chemicals consisting of three types unrus, namely chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F) and carbon (C). CFC is the dominating problem of ozone destruction and become a substance that is suspected as the cause of ozone destruction. CFCs are not found in nature, but rather is an intermediate result of human engineering. CFCs are not toxic, does not burn and is very stable because it is not easy to react. Therefore become an ideal material for the industry. CFCs are widely used as a cooling agent in refrigerators and car air-conditioning (CFC-12), as a material for making plastic foams, seat cushions and car seats (CFC-11), a mixture of CFC-11 and CFC-12 used for driving aerosols, and CFC -13 commonly used in dry cleaning.

BERMUDA TRIANGLE SECRET

Dozens of planes and ships are listed as in missing the Bermuda Triangle without a known trail throughout the year. The aircraft Star Tiger, without cause - for a clear and without sending any signal, arrived - arrived disappeared on January 30, 1948, on his way to Bermuda with 31 passengers. Another incident on December 28, 1948, a DC-3 aircraft with 35 passengers flying from the waters above Poertorico missing Bermuda Triangle. On January 17, 1949 Area Star aircraft, from the direction of Bermuda to Jamaica just disappear swallowed by the earth without a trace.

Bermuda term derived from the name of the seventh month of the Egyptian calendar, which is Naisan. In that farmers plant and harvest sugar cane dates. The term was later used to refer to imaginative triangle located in the Atlantic Ocean. Bermuda Triangle has an area of about 770,000 km2 and consists of group of islands - islands which number 350 islands. Peak imaginative Bermuda, in the north of the island of Bermuda there, there south east corner Poerterico island, which is the U.S. military headquarters. Inhabitants speak Spanish and English the official language. The capital of San Juan. While western corner is located in Miami, Florida.

A specialist event - a mysterious event called Vincent Cadys marine, said that the Bermuda Triangle area is very dangerous to shipping and aviation. Approximately 100 aircraft and ships lost in this area and the victim reached more than 1000 people. Most of the mysterious events that occurred in 1945.

Then, Charles Berlins, Bermuda Triangle author of the book describes at length in his book about the loss of French ships passing through the area Rousalie in the year 1940. The engine is still good and its cargo was not disturbed, but the ship is not empty or manned passengers. Another incident is the loss of a large freighter named Anita's USA with a cargo of 20,000 tons on March 23, 1973.

The most horrible event dubbed "Atlantic Cemetery" on the Bermuda Triangle is a calamity that had befallen the expedition-19 squadron to the United States. On Thursday, January 1945, five aircraft types Finger TTB30 departing from his base in Port Louderdidle in the Florida, USA. Fifth plane with its crew disappeared under mysterious fog without leaving a trace in the Bermuda Triangle.

What is even more remarkable efforts of scholars in solving the mystery of the Bermuda Triangle, that area there dinterpretasikan electromagnetic events - events such as the repetition of the interface back events - events that once occurred in the area because of the passage of time (time tannel). So the plane and the missing ships were still alive but was in place and another time.

Other responses about the Bermuda Triangle is a regional center of the kingdom was the devil and Satan followers - followers to control human activities in order to influence the error, according to his promise to the prophet before Adam to be decadent descendants of Adam.

BLACK HOLES

Black holes are the evolutionary endpoints of stars at least 10 to 15 times as massive as the Sun. If a star that massive or larger undergoes a supernova explosion, it may leave behind a fairly massive burned out stellar remnant. With no outward forces to oppose gravitational forces, the remnant will collapse in on itself. The star eventually collapses to the point of zero volume and infinite density, creating what is known as a " singularity ". Around the singularity is a region where the force of gravity is so strong that not even light can escape. Thus, no information can reach us from this region. It is therefore called a black hole, and its surface is called the " event horizon ".

But contrary to popular myth, a black hole is not a cosmic vacuum cleaner. If our Sun was suddenly replaced with a black hole of the same mass, the Earth's orbit around the Sun would be unchanged. (Of course the Earth's temperature would change, and there would be no solar wind or solar magnetic storms affecting us.) To be "sucked" into a black hole, one has to cross inside the Schwarzschild radius. At this radius, the escape speed is equal to the speed of light, and once light passes through, even it cannot escape.

The Schwarzschild radius can be calculated using the equation for escape speed:

vesc = (2GM/R)1/2

For photons, or objects with no mass, we can substitute c (the speed of light) for Vesc and find the Schwarzschild radius, R, to be:

R = 2GM/c2

If the Sun was replaced with a black hole that had the same mass as the Sun, the Schwarzschild radius would be 3 km (compared to the Sun's radius of nearly 700,000 km). Hence the Earth would have to get very close to get sucked into a black hole at the center of our Solar System

MAMMOTHS

Genus Mammoths:

The genus mammoths, in latin Mammuthus, was a group of species, belonging to the family of elephants, entirely separated in taxonomy from the Mastodons and the genus family Mammutidae, although they sometimes shared the same envoronment. (For scientific reasons, the mastodons was renamed to family Mammutidae, which became a source for future confusion and misunderstandings). The Mammoths probably has origin from Stegodon and started to develop during upper Pliocene, (some 4 million years ago) in africa, spred to europe and asia, and Mammuthus meridionalis went over Bering Strait to north america about 1.8 million years ago, (the wooly Mammoth went over much later) and became extinct during lower Holocene, probaby exterminated by prehistoric humans who hunted elephants and Mammoths and made huts and houses out of their bones.

Caracters of Mammoths :

• They had bumps on their head .

• Both sexes had tusks .

• Some tusks were straight, some were curved .

• The longest tusks were up to 13 feet (4 m) long .

• Mammoths had longer tusks than Mastodons, a wider head, a sloping back and flat chewin

teeth .

• Their trunk had two finger-like projections like african elephants .

• Their teeth were flat like asian elephants .

• Most species was not larger than recent elephants .

INTERNET HISTORY

The Internet is a computer network established by the United States Department of Defense in 1969, through a project called ARPANET. ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency Network), where they demonstrated how the hardware and software UNIX-based computers, we can make communication within the infinity through the phone line. ARPANET project designing their networks, reliability, how much information can be moved, and eventually all of the standards they set into the embryo development of new protocols now known as TCP /

IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol).

The initial purpose was the construction of the project for military purposes. At that time the United States Department of Defense (U.S. Department of Defense) create a computer network system that is spread by linking computers in areas vital to overcome the problem occurs when a nuclear attack and to avoid the occurrence of centralized information, which in the event of war can be easily destroyed.

At first ARPANET link is only just 4 sites of the Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of Utah, where they form a single integrated network in 1969, and in general the ARPANET was introduced in October 1972. Not long after the project is growing rapidly in all regions, and all the universities in these countries want to join, thus making it difficult to arrange the ARPANET.

Therefore split ARPANET split in two, namely "MILNET" for military purposes and the "ARPANET" new smaller for non-military purposes such as, universities. Combined both networks eventually known as the DARPA Internet, which then reduces to the Internet.

THE MUMMY

The mummy is a corpse is preserved, due to protection from decomposition by natural or artificial means, so that the first form is maintained. This can be achieved by placing the body in a very dry or very cold, or lack of oxygen, or the use of chemicals.

The most famous mummy balm smeared with specific conservation goals, especially in ancient Egypt. The Egyptians believed that the body is where he is a very important person in the after life.

In China, have been found from cypress coffin that sunk by using medicinal plants.

Mummies that formed due to natural events, such as in the super-cold (Ötzi the ice man, acid (Tollund human) or drought found in many places in the world. Some of the best preserved mummy in a natural condition starts since the Inca period in Peru.

GLOBAL WARMING

Global Warming is the process of increasing the average temperature of the atmosphere, ocean, and land Earth. The average temperature at Earth's surface globally has increased ± 0.74 ° C 0:18 (1:33 ± 0:32 ° F) during the last hundred years. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that, "most of the increase in temperature of the global average since the mid-20th century, most likely caused by increased greenhouse gas concentrations, greenhouse gases due to human activities" through the greenhouse effect. These basic conclusions have been expressed by at least 30 scientific and academic bodies, including all the national science academies of the G8 countries. However, there are still some scientists who disagree with some of the IPCC conclusions are presented. Climate models referenced by the IPCC project shows the global surface temperature will rise 1.1 to 6.4 ° C (2.0 to 11.5 ° F) between 1990 and 2100. Estimate the difference was caused by the use of different scenarios of gas emission of greenhouse gases in the future, as well as models of different climate sensitivities. Although most research focuses on the period up to 2100, warming and sea level rise is expected to continue for more than a thousand years, although the level of greenhouse gas emissions have stabilized. This reflects the large heat capacity of the ocean. Increasing global temperature is expected to cause changes such as sea level rise, increased intensity of extreme weather phenomena, as well as changes in the number and pattern of precipitation. The consequences of global warming is influence crops, loss of glaciers, and the extinction of various species of animals. Some of the things that scientists still doubt is about the amount of warming predicted to occur in the future, and how warming and the changes that occur will vary from one region to another. Until now still going political and public debate in the world about what, if any, action should be taken to reduce or reverse further warming or to adapt to the consequences that exist. Most of the government of countries in the world have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol, which leads to the reduction of gas emissions, greenhouse gases.

EVOLUTION OF LIFE

Although there is uncertainty of how life originated, is generally accepted that prokaryotic life on earth about 3-4 billion years ago. There is not a lot of changes in cell morphology or organization that occurs in these organisms over several billion years into the futureEukaryotes is a major development in the evolution of cells. He came from ancient bacteria ingested by prokaryotic ancestors in cooperative association called endosimbiosis. Oral bacteria and host cells and then undergo evolution, the bacteria evolved into mitochondria or hidrogenosom. Ingestion separately in both organisms similar to cyanobacteria resulted in the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants. It is not known when the first eukaryotic cells appeared, even though these cells appeared around 1.6 to 2.7 billion years ago.History still lives in the form of eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and single-celled arkaea until about 610 billion years ago, when multicellular organisms began to appear in the ocean Ediakara period. Multicellular evolution occurs in many separate events, occurring in diverse organisms such as sponges, brown algae, cyanobacteria, slime mold, and miksobakteri.Soon after the emergence of multicellular organisms, a large amount of biological diversity appeared over a period of more than about 10 million years in events known as Kambria explosion. At this time, the majority of modern animals appeared in the fossil record, as well as the lineage of extinct animals. Several drivers have been proposed Kambria explosion, including the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere from photosynthesis. Around 500 million years ago, plants and fungi colonize the land, and soon followed by arthropods and other animals. First amphibians appeared about 300 million years ago, followed amniota, then mammals around 200 million years ago, and aves about 100 million years ago. However, despite the evolution of large animals, organisms similar to the beginning of the process of evolution of organisms still dominate the earth, with the majority of earth's biomass and species of prokaryotes.

HUMAN CLONING

The team of U.S. scientists claim to have successfullyusing cloning techniques to create fivehuman embryo. Of the five embryos, three of whom confirmed the cloningof the two men. This groundbreaking work done at La Stemagen Corp.Jolla, California using technique called SCNT (somatic cell nuclear transfer). Egg nucleustaken then filled somatic cell nucleus, in this case used skin cells.These techniques are used Ian Wilmut and his colleagues to create Dolly,The first cloned sheep. Eggs that have been filled these somatic cell nuclearcultivated in a nutritive environment to grow into an embryo. Afterfive days, the embryo is formed whichcomposed of a collection of about 150 cells.The embryos are not intended todeveloped into a fetus, but as a source of embryonic stem cells. Typestem cells that form on old embryos will develop into the fetus isvery useful because it can grow into bone, flesh, skin, and tissuebody. In this study, the researchers have not Stemagenextract embryonic stem cells from cloned embryos. However, they havesuccessfully proved that the embryo is the result of cloning becausehave the same DNA with a man who became donor. If this breakthroughproved to be correct, they will be recorded as the first researcher to successfully clone human embryos as a source of embryonic stem cells. "Wehope this will be a turning point for many studiesnext, "said Andrew French, head of the research team report success in the journal Stem Cells. Now they're focused oncell extract embryonic stem cells from cloned embryos.The success of a human embryo cloning results not which was first reported. The researchersEngland was able doing in 2005 and even until the embryo ismature cells to produce embryonic stem cells. However, until now noNone reported researchers managed to extract embryonic stem cellshumans. Korean scientist Hwang Woo-suk had claimed to be the first researcherthe extract of human embryonic stem cells. However, the success of theconsidered to lie in counterfeiting after data analysison scientific papers. Stem cells of embryonic cloning results can be usedto study the disease, drug response, even making organ transplantsthe patient needs. However, these studies also invite criticismregarding ethics. "(Cloning) produced in the laboratory to humandestroyed simply because the allegation that it would be useful bagiaAnother man, "said Richard Doerflinger. Cloning human embryos alsodistemper feared especially if more and more women whoasked to become an egg donor.

TOUCH SCREEN

Touch screen can be defined as a computer display screen that is sensitive to human touch, so a person can interact with the computer by touching pictures or text posted on the computer screen.

In other countries like the United States, touch screens can be found at airports, hospitals, or in a bank ATM. However, we do not need all the way to America just to see the touch screen. In Indonesia too, we can see and use the touch screen in a variety of gadgets, such as Mobile, tablet PCs, PDAs, and so on.

One type of trusted touchscreen supreme until now is Capasitive touchscreen. Because this type of touch screen can only work if the touches aimed at him from conducting objects such as our fingers. Unlike other types of resistive or surface wave that can be touched with a finger or stylus, touch screen can only be operated by finger alone. With these properties, the touchscreen is not easily affected by interference from other objects on it such as dust or water.

Screen display is very clear than that of resistive touchscreen is ideal for use in a variety of purposes in the general public interaction such as in restaurants, electronic kiosks, Point of sales locations, and much more.

ECOSYSTEM

Ecosystem is an ecological system formed by the reciprocal relationship between living things with their environment. Ecosystems can be said also of order unity as a whole and complete between all elements of the environment affect each other.

The study of ecosystems is ecology. Ecology comes from two Greek words, namely Oikos and logos. Oikos means house or place to live, and logos meaning science. The term ecology was first proposed by Ernst Haeckel (1834 to 1914).

Ecology is a branch of science that is still relatively new, emerging in the 70s. However, ecologists have a considerable influence on the branch of biology. Ecology study how living things can defend life by coming into contact with antarmakhluk life and things do not live in a life or the environment.

Ecologists study the following:

1. Transfer of energy and material from one living thing to another living creature into the environment and the factors that cause it.

2. Changes in population or species at different times of the factors that cause

3. Interspecies relationship occurred (interaction between species) of living things and the relationship between living things with their environment.

Forming components of the ecosystem are:

Components living (biotic).

Nonliving components (abiotic).

Both these components are in one place and interact to form an organized unity. For example, in an aquarium ecosystem, ecosystem consists of fish, water plants, plankton will float on water as a biotic component, while including abiotic components are water, sand, rocks, minerals and oxygen dissolved in water.

DINOSAURS

Dinosaurs (Greek δεινόσαυρος, deinosauros) is the dominant vertebrates in terrestrial ecosystems for over 160 million years old, from Old Triassic period (about 230 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous period (around 65 million years ago), when many of them extinct in the Cretaceous extinction event-Tertiary. Ten thousands of bird species living today have been classified as dinosaurs.

The discovery of primitive birds in 1861 to guide the first Archeopteryx close kinship between dinosaurs and birds. Besides the existence of fossilized feather impressions, is very similar Archeopteryx small predatory dinosaur Compsognathus. Since then, research has identified the theropod dinosaurs most likely as a direct ancestor of birds, mostly birds paleontologist now considered as the only surviving dinosaurs, and some suggest that dinosaurs and birds should be grouped in a biology class. In addition to birds, crocodiles is another close relative of the dinosaurs that survived until now .. Like dinosaurs and birds, crocodiles are also members of the Archosauria, a group of reptiles which first appeared in a very old Perm period and dominated the middle Triassic period.

During the first half of the 20th century, many scientists believe dinosaurs community as a cold-blooded animals are dumb and slow. However, many studies conducted since the 1970s (called the renaissance of dinosaurs) have supported the view that dinosaurs were active animals with a high metabolism and adaptation to diverse social interactions. The resulting changes in scientific understanding of dinosaurs gradually filtered into the popular consciousness.

Since the first dinosaur fossil identified in the early nineteenth century, the framework is assembled dinosaurs became poluler performances in museums around the world. Dinosaurs became the world's cultural and continued popularity. They became the subject of best-selling books and films (most known for Jurassic Park), and new discoveries regularly expressed in the media The term "dinosaur" (English, dinosaur) proposed in 1842 by Sir Richard Owen and the Greek bersal δεινός (deinos) "terrible, strong, great" + σαῦρος (sauros) "lizard".

The term dinosaur is sometimes used informally to describe other prehistoric reptiles like Dimetrodon pelycosaurus, the winged pterosaurs, and ichthyosaurs, Plesiosaur and Mosasaurus, although none of these animals which are dinosaurs.

Scientific classification:

Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Chordata, Subphylum: Vertebrata, Class: Sauropsida, Subclass: Diapsida, Infraclass: Archosauromorpha, Superorder: Dinosauria.

OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

Operating System or OS is the system software responsible for the control and management of hardware and basic operations systems, including software applications running programs like word processors and web browsers.
In general, the Operating System software on the first layer is placed on the computer's memory when the computer boots. While other software is run after the operating system running, and OS will make public the core services for the software. Common core services such as access to the disk, memory management, skeduling task, and user interfaces. So that each software no longer need to perform the core duties of the public, because it can be served and performed by the operating system. Section of code that perform the core duties and the public is called the "kernel" of a Operating System
If the computer system divided into layers, then the Operating System is the liaison between the layers of hardware and software layers. Further than that, Operating System do all essential tasks in the computer, and ensure that applications can run different simultaneously smoothly. Operating System ensure other software applications can use the memory, perform input and output of other equipment, and have access to the file system. If several applications running simultaneously, then the operating system appropriate arrangements, so far as possible all the processes running to get enough time to use the processor (CPU) and do not interfere with each other.
In many cases, operating system provides a library of standard functions, which other applications can call functions, so that in every creation of new programs, no need to create these functions from scratch.
Operating systems generally consist of several parts: 1. Boot mechanism, which is putting the kernel into memory
2. Kernel, which is the core of an Operating System
3. Command interpreter or shell, which served to read input from the user
4. Library-library, which provides a collection of basic functions and standards that can be called by other applications
5. Drivers to interact with external hardware, as well as to control them
Some operating system only allows one application are running at one time (eg DOS), but most of the new operating system allows several applications running simultaneously at the same time. Operating systems like this is called the Multi-tasking Operating System (eg the UNIX operating system families). Some Operating Systems are very large and complex, and its inputs depending on the user input, while the other Operating Systems is very small and made with the assumption that work without human intervention at all. The first type is often referred to as a Desktop OS, while the second type is the Real-Time OS

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

Electromagnetic radiation is a combination of electric and magnetic fields that oscillate and propagate through space and carrying energy from one place to another. Visible light is one form of electromagnetic radiation. Theoretical studies of electromagnetic radiation called elektrodinamic, sub-field of electromagnetism. Electromagnetic waves discovered by Heinrich Hertz. Electromagnetic waves including transverse wave.

Any electric charge which has acceleration emit electromagnetic radiation. Left wire (or conductor as an antenna) conducts alternating current, electromagnetic radiation transmitted at the same frequency electrical current. Depending on the situation, electromagnetic waves can be like a wave or as particles. As a wave, characterized by the velocity (speed of light), wavelength, and frequency.

When considered as particles, they are known as photons, and each has the energy associated with the frequency indicated by the Planck relation E = H.ν, where E is the photon energy, H is Planck's constant - 6626 × 10 -34 J • s - and ν is the frequency of the wave. Einstein then update the formula becomes Ephoton = hν.

Which includes an electromagnetic wave:

Wave and wavelength( λ) :radio waves 1 mm, 10,000 km, Infrared 0,001-1 mm ,visible light 400-720 nm ,ultra violet 10-400nm, X rays 0,01-10 nm ,gamma rays 0,0001-0,1 nm ,cosmic rays do not include electromagnetic waves; smaller wavelength of 0.0001 nm. Light with large wavelength, the radio waves and infrared, has a frequency and level of lower energy. Beam with a wavelength smaller, ultra violet, x-rays or Roentgen rays, and gamma rays, has a frequency and energy level higher.

PARKINSON'S

Parkinson's Disease (PD) belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders, which are the result of the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells. The four primary symptoms of PD are tremor, or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face; rigidity, or stiffness of the limbs and trunk; bradykinesia, or slowness of movement; and postural instability, or impaired balance and coordination. As these symptoms become more pronounced, patients may have difficulty walking, talking, or completing other simple tasks. PD usually affects people over the age of 50. Early symptoms of PD are subtle and occur gradually. In some people the disease progresses more quickly than in others. As the disease progresses, the shaking, or tremor, which affects the majority of PD patients may begin to interfere with daily activities. Other symptoms may include depression and other emotional changes; difficulty in swallowing, chewing, and speaking; urinary problems or constipation; skin problems; and sleep disruptions. There are currently no blood or laboratory tests that have been proven to help in diagnosing sporadic PD. Therefore the diagnosis is based on medical history and a neurological examination. The disease can be difficult to diagnose accurately. Doctors may sometimes request brain scans or laboratory tests in order to rule out other diseases.

ALZHEIMER'S HISTORY

The disease is the first time, discovered by Dr. Alois Alzheimer in 1907, the so-called Alzheimer's, according to his name.Results of surgical observation, Alzheimer's disease brain nerves are found not only to shrink instead filled with lumps exceptional protein called amyloid plaques and fibers convoluted (neuro fibrillary).Amyloid protein that form plaque cells proteins, believed to cause changes in brain chemistry. Destruction of nerve cells causes the brain nerves convey messages from one neuron to another neuron affected.Although this disease is initially discovered almost a century ago, he was not as well known as other diseases such as heart disease, hypertension, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) or the like.This likely caused by this disease can not be seen directly as the disease symptoms of hypertension that can be seen through examination of blood pressure regularly.Recent clinical research showed supplementation with omega-3 may slow decrease cognitive function in people with mild Alzheimer's.

ALZHEIMER'S

Alzheimer's or dementia is a disease similar decline in brain function are complex and progressive loss caused due to malnutrition in the brain . Alzheimer's disease rather than a kind of contagious disease. Alzheimer's disease is a condition in which the power of memory decline with someone so badly infected can not fend for themselves. Alzheimer's disease rather than 'childish old age' is simply a process of aging. On the other hand, is a kind of health problem that is very painful and needs to be given attention.
Alzheimer classified into one of a kind dementia is characterized by a downturn in the conversation, sanity, memory, considerations, changes in personality and behavior that are not controlled. This situation is very burdensome not only to the infected, even family members who care. Alzheimer's disease that decreases the memory function is also explain intellectual and social functions infected. Usually, family members only come with people who are sick to see a doctor if they have not put up with symptoms of a sick person. Until now, the real source of this disease is not known. However, he was not due to aging. However, scientists believe, he was associated with the formation and changes in nerve cells that normally become fibers.
Risk for Alzheimer's, a disease that is synonymous with old people, increases with age. "Starting at age 65 years, someone has a risk of five per cent of this disease and this risk has doubled every five years," said the expert Psikogeriatrik, Office of Medical Psychology, Faculty of University Malaya Medical Center (PPUM), Dr. Esther Ebeenezer. According to Esther, though the disease is associated with a parent, but history proves first source Wordpress recognize affected this disease is a woman in her early 50's.

VENICE

Venice (Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia) is a city in northern Italy, the capital of the region Veneto, with a population of 271,367 (census estimate 1 January 2004). Together with Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area (population 1,600,000). The city historically was the capital of an independent nation. Venice has been known as the "La Dominante", "Serenissima", "Queen of the Adriatic", "City of Water", "City of Bridges" and "City of Canals". Luigi Barzini, writing in The New York Times, described it as "undoubtedly the most beautiful city built by man".Venice has also been described by the Times Online as being one of Europe's most romantic cities.The city stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy. The saltwater lagoon stretches along the shoreline between the mouths of the Po (south) and the Piave (north) Rivers. The population estimate of 272,000 inhabitants includes the population of the whole Comune of Venezia; around 60,000 in the historic city of Venice (Centro storico); 176,000 in Terraferma (the Mainland), mostly in the large frazione of Mestre and Marghera and 31,000 live on other islands in the lagoon.The Republic of Venice was a major maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto, as well as a very important center of commerce (especially silk, grain and spice trade) and art in the 13th century up to the end of the 17th century. Venice is also famous for its musical, particularly operatic, history, and its most famous son in this field is Antonio Vivaldi.