ALEXANDER FLEMING (DISCOVERER OF PENICILLIN)

Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 - 11 March 1955) was the man known as the discoverer of penicillin (an antibiotic to fight bacteria). Born on a farm near Darvel Lochfield, Scotland. He was the third of four brothers and half-brother has four people again.

Fleming went to Loudoun Moor School and Darvel School, and then for two years he attended Kilmarnock Academy. After working in an office delivery service for four years, 20-year-old Fleming was partly inherited from his uncle's property.

Fleming's brother, who was then a doctor suggested that his younger brother following in the footsteps of his career, so that Alexander Fleming in 1901 and then enrolled at the Hospital of St. Mary's, London. He then obtain a special qualification for school in the year 1906 with an option to be a surgeon. Alexander Fleming himself famous because she is an expert researcher who is very clever, but the lab itself is often clumsy and look messy.

In 1928, after coming home from a long holiday, Fleming will afterthought in the disc of bacteria in the laboratory forgot to save it nicely, and has been contaminated with a type of mushroom. Some laboratory dish containing the bacteria in the waste, but then Fleming noticed that the growth of bacteria in the contaminated by the fungus becomes obstructed. Fleming then took samples of examples of these fungi and examine it, he discovered that the fungus is from the genus Penicillium. This is why the drug called penicillin.

Fleming's discovery in September 1928 marked a new century in the world of modern antibiotics. Fleming also found that the bacteria themselves can develop resistance and resistance to penicillin when penicillin is used as an antibiotic is too little and used in the short term.

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY HISTORY

Alexander Muirhead is reported to have attached wires to a feverish patient's wrist to obtain a record of the patient's heartbeat while studying for his Doctor of Science (in electricity) in 1872 at St Bartholomew's Hospital. This activity was directly recorded and visualized using a Lippmann capillary electrometer by the British physiologist John Burdon Sanderson.

The first to systematically approach the heart from an electrical point-of-view was Augustus Waller, working in St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London. His electrocardiograph machine consisted of a Lippmann capillary electrometer fixed to a projector. The trace from the heartbeat was projected onto a photographic plate which was itself fixed to a toy train. This allowed a heartbeat to be recorded in real time. In 1911 he still saw little clinical application for his work.

An initial breakthrough came when Willem Einthoven, working in Leiden, Netherlands, used the string galvanometer that he invented in 1903. This device was much more sensitive than both the capillary electrometer that Waller used and the string galvanometer that had been invented separately in 1897 by the French engineer Clément Ader.Rather than using today's self-adhesive electrodes Einthoven's subjects would immerse each of their limbs into containers of salt solutions from which the ECG was recorded.

Einthoven assigned the letters P, Q, R, S and T to the various deflections, and described the electrocardiographic features of a number of cardiovascular disorders. In 1924, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery.

Though the basic principles of that era are still in use today, there have been many advances in electrocardiography over the years. The instrumentation, for example, has evolved from a cumbersome laboratory apparatus to compact electronic systems that often include computerized interpretation of the electrocardiogram.